316 Battle of Cibalae: Constantine defeats Licinius, supposedly with divine aid
1502 The Emola Conference: Cesare Borgia meets Florentine Ambassador Machiavelli & military engineer, Leonardo da Vinci, even as San Leo, near Urbino, rises against him, initiating a general revolt in the Romagna and the precipitating the premature treason of his lieutenants
1513 Battle of La Motta/Schio/Vicenza: Heavily outnumbered Spaniards defeat the Venetians
1571 Battle of Lepanto: Turkish fleet defeated by an Italo-Spanish fleet
1683 First Battle of Barkam: Poles & Imperialists defeat the Turks
1690 English attack on Quebec fails
1759 Ex-King Carlo IV sails from Naples to become Carlos III of Spain
1777 Second Battle of Saratoga (Bemis Heights): Americans win
1780 Battle of King's Mountain: Tories defeated by Patriot militia
1864 Bahia, Brazil: USS 'Wachusett' "accidentally" disables CSS 'Florida'
1870 Garibaldi lands at Marseilles, to join France's war against Prussia with a band of volunteers, despite opposition from the French & Italian governments
1908 Cretan revolt against the Turks
1908 Serbia & Montenegro form an alliance against Austria-Hungary
1916 Gefreiter Adolf Hitler is wounded on the inner left thigh by a shell fragment during the Battle of the Somme
1926 Italian Fascist Grand Council meets for the first time
1935 Il Duce confers with J.F.C. Fuller in the Palazzo Venezia
1943 U.S. carriers and cruisers raid Wake Island1944 Uprising at Birkenau concentration camp
1944 US a/c from Morotai begin raids on Japanese bases in the Philippines.
1949 Soviets establish the German Democratic Republic
1955 USS 'Saratoga' (CV-60) is launched at the Brooklyn Navy Yard
1985 PLO terrorists seize Italian cruise liner 'Achille Lauro' off the Egyptian coast
1990 Gulf War: Israel begins handing out gas masks to its citizens
2001 US & Allies initiate war in Afghanistan after the Taliban refuses to surrender Osama bin Laden
