69 2nd Battle of Bedriacum: Primus defeats Vitellius, to make Vespasian Emperor --
964 Battle of Rometta: The Fatimids defeat the Byzantines
1147 Afonso I of Portugal liberated Lisbon from the Moors after a long siege
1158 Battle of Orkney: Danes Svein and Erland defeat Earl Harald of Orkney
1260 Baibars -- Baibars al-Bunduqdari becomes Mameluke Sultan of Egypt (1260-1277)
1401 Battle of Nave: The Visconti defeat the Imperialists
1648 The Peace of Westphalia ended the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648)
1793 Revolutionary France introduces a new calendar, based on "scientific reason"
1795 Third Partition: Austria, Prussia, & Russia, obliterate Poland
1806 Battle of Sora: Fra Diavolo is defeated by the French near Sora, southeast of Rome
1812 Battle of Maloyaroslavits: Prince Eugene seizes the town after hard fighting, but it is abandoned the next day
1912 Battle of Kirk Kilise: Bulgarians defeat the Turks in Thrace
1912 Battle of Kumanovo: Serbians defeat the Turks in Macedonia
1917 Battle of Caporetto (12th Isonzo): Austro-German Offensive (to Nov 9)
1942 FDR directs that all available ammunition, aircraft, & equipment be provided to forces engaged on Guadalcanal or bound for North Africa, even if it means stripping units elsewhere
1943 Japanese destroyer 'Mochizuki' is sunk by Marine aircraft southwest of Rabaul
1944 Acrimonious confrontation between Rachele Mussolini and Clara Petacci, as Il Duce sheepishly tries to calm things down
1944 Leyte Gulf: despite a desperate attempt to save her, heavily damaged by a Japanese dive bomber, the USS 'Princeton' (CVL-23) has to be sunk
1944 USS 'Tang' (SS-308) is sunk in the Formosa Straits by a malfunctioning torpedo, 70 of 78 crewmen die, 8 are taken prisoner
1945 United Nations Charter becomes effective
1948 Bernard Baruch coins the term "Cold War"
1956 Soviet troops invade Hungary as Imre Nagy becomes prime minister
1960 Baikonoer: launch pad explosion, 165 die, setting back the Soviet space program
1973 Yom Kippur War ends as the Arabs agree to an armistice: the Israelis are 65 miles from Cairo, 26 from Damascus
Tally Ho Chap's Today In 'Military History' saw the sinking of the American Submarine USS Tang in 1944. It was significant for two reasons as it was struck by its own malfunctioning torpedo and also saw some of the survivors using the 'Momsen lung' to escape the sinking sub.
The Tang was sunk during the last engagement by a circular run of her final torpedo, going down in 180 ft (55 m) of water. 78 men were lost, and the nine survivors were picked up by a Japanese frigate and taken prisoner of war. This was the only time that a 'Momsen lung' was used to escape a sunken submarine.
The Momsen Lung was a device that recycled the breathing gas by using a counterlung containing soda lime to remove the carbon dioxide. The lung was initially filled with oxygen and connected to a mouthpiece by twin hoses containing one-way valves, one for breathing in and the other for breathing out.
Thirteen men (of thirty survivors) left the forward escape trunk: five were picked up by the Japanese; three more reached the surface "but were unable to hang on or breathe and floated off and drowned"; the fate of the other five is unknown. Not all the escapees from the trunk used the Momsen lung. An officer had his mouthpiece knocked out shortly after leaving the submarine. One of the trunk ascents was made without a Momsen lung. Many were unable to leave the trunk or discouraged from attempting an escape. Most of the crew perished.
The Momsen Lung was quietly retired in the 1960s as relaxed exhalation breathing techniques were proven to be more effective in escaping a submerged submarine...