43 BC Pyrrhic senatorial victory over Marc Antony at Mutina [Modena]

1413 Venetians defeat the Hungarians in Friulia

1421 Dikes at Dort, Holland, break, 100,000 drown

1488 Caterina Sforza refuses to surrender Forli to the Orsi, despite threats against her children

1521 Pope Leo X excommunicates Martin Luther

1524 Giovanni da Verrazano enters New York Bay

1536 HRE Charles V challenges Francis I of France to personal combat but is refused

1625 Franco-Piedmontese forces capture Gavi from the Spanish-Genoese

1793 Battle of Warsaw: Russians crush Polish insurgents

1796 Battle of Ceva ends: French defeat the Austro-Piedmontese (from 16th)

1797 British troops under Abercromby invade in Puerto Rico - will fail to capture San Juan

1808 Napoleon's Bayonne Decree authorizes the seizure of American ships

1846 Battle of Cerro Gordo: Winfield Scott defeats the Mexican Army

1848 Battle of Visco: Austrians defeat Italian Nationalists

1861 Confederacy authorizes privateers

1861 U.S. steamer 'Star of West' captured by Confederates, Indianola, Texas

1861 Virginia is the 8th state to secede

1863 Brig. Gen. Benjamin Grierson begins a raid from La Grange, Tn., to Baton Rouge, La

1864 Battle of Plymouth, NC

1864 Bread riot in Savannah, Georgia

1864 Grant suspends prisoner-of-war exchanges over Confederate refusal to treat black troops as soldiers

1865 Mary Surratt is arrested as a conspirator in Lincoln's assassination

1868 British burn and abandon Magdala, Abyssinia

1895 Treaty of Shimonoseki: Sino-Japanese War ends (1894-1895), China loses Formosa

1916 Italian troops storm the summit of Col di Lana at Merano

1941 Iraq: British reinforcements arrive to defeat the pro-fascist coup

1941 Yugoslavia surrenders to the Germans

1942 Burma: Anglo-Indians & Chinese are unable to hold the Japanese advance

1942 Germans begin to destroy the Sobibor Concentration Camp

1944 Chinese forces in northern Burma resume the offensive.

1944 Last Japanese offensive in China, to seize B-29 bases.

1945 Baltic: German SS 'Goya' (5,230 GRT) sunk, c. 6,000 killed

1945 German occupiers flood Wieringermeer, Netherlands

1945 Mussolini flees from Salo, heading for Milan

1945 U.S. forces land on Mindanao Island, Philippines.

1961 Bay of Pigs: 1,400 Cuban exiles land to overthrow Castro, all are killed or captured by the 19th

1975 Khmer Rouge capture Phnom Penh, initiating a reign of terror